Satoshi Nakamoto

Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Satoshi Nakamoto
A statue in Budapest dedicated to Satoshi Nakamoto
Known forInventing bitcoin, implementing the first blockchain
Scientific career
FieldsDigital currencies, computer science, cryptography

Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the presumed pseudonymous[1][2][3][4] person or persons who developed Bitcoin, authored the Bitcoin white paper, and created and deployed Bitcoin's original reference implementation.[5] As part of the implementation, Nakamoto also devised the first blockchain database.[6] Nakamoto was active in the development of bitcoin until December 2010.[7]

There has been widespread speculation about Nakamoto's true identity, with various people posited as the person or persons behind the name. Though Nakamoto's name is Japanese, and he said in 2012 that he was a man living in Japan,[8] most of the speculation has involved software and cryptography experts in the United States or Europe.

Development of bitcoin

Satoshi Nakamoto message embedded in the coinbase of the first block

Nakamoto said that the work of writing Bitcoin's code began in the second quarter of 2007.[9] On 18 August 2008, he or a colleague registered the domain name bitcoin.org,[10] and created a web site at that address. On 31 October, Nakamoto published a white paper on the cryptography mailing list at metzdowd.com describing a digital cryptocurrency, titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".[11][12][13]

On 9 January 2009, Nakamoto released version 0.1 of the Bitcoin software on SourceForge and launched the network by defining the genesis block of bitcoin (block number 0), which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.[14][15][7][16] Embedded in the coinbase transaction of this block is the text: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks",[17] citing a headline in the UK newspaper The Times published on that date.[18] This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a derisive comment on the alleged instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.[19]: 18 

Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on Bitcoin's software until mid-2010, making all modifications to the source code himself. He then gave control of the source code repository and network alert key to Gavin Andresen,[20] transferred several related domains to various prominent members of the Bitcoin community, and ended his recognized involvement in the project.[citation needed]

Nakamoto owns between 750,000 and 1,100,000 Bitcoin. In November 2021, when Bitcoin reached a value of over $68,000, his net worth would have been up to $73 billion, making him the 15th-richest person in the world at the time.[21]

Characteristics and identity

Nakamoto has never revealed personal information when discussing technical matters,[7] but has at times commented on banking and fractional-reserve banking. On his P2P Foundation profile as of 2012, Nakamoto claimed to be a 37-year-old man who lived in Japan;[8] some speculated he was unlikely to be Japanese due to his native-level use of English.[7]

Some have considered that Nakamoto might be a team of people. Dan Kaminsky, a security researcher who read Bitcoin's code,[22] said that Nakamoto was either a "team of people" or a "genius";[23] Laszlo Hanyecz, a developer who had emailed Nakamoto, had the feeling the code was too well-designed for one person;[7] Andresen has said of Nakamoto's code: "He was a brilliant coder, but it was quirky."[24]

The use of British English in both source code comments and forum postings, such as the expression "bloody hard", terms such as "flat" and "maths", and the spellings "grey" and "colour",[17] led to speculation that Nakamoto, or at least one person in a consortium claiming to be him, was of Commonwealth origin.[7][11][23] The reference to London's Times newspaper in the first Bitcoin block suggested to some a particular interest in the British government.[17][25]

Stefan Thomas, a Swiss software engineer and active community member, graphed the timestamps of each of Nakamoto's Bitcoin forum posts (more than 500); the chart showed a steep decline to almost none between 5 a.m. and 11 a.m. Greenwich Mean Time (midnight to 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). This was between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Japan Standard Time, suggesting an unusual sleep pattern for someone living in Japan. As this pattern held even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was consistently asleep at this time.[7]

Possible identities

Nakamoto's identity is unknown,[26] but speculations have focussed on various cryptography and computer science experts, most of non-Japanese descent.[7]

Hal Finney

Hal Finney (4 May 1956 – 28 August 2014) was a pre-bitcoin cryptographic pioneer and the first person (other than Nakamoto himself) to use the software, file bug reports, and make improvements.[27] He also lived a few blocks from a man named Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto, according to Forbes journalist Andy Greenberg.[28] Greenberg asked the writing analysis consultancy Juola & Associates to compare a sample of Finney's writing to Nakamoto's, and found it to be the closest resemblance they had yet come across, including when compared to candidates suggested by Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson, and Skye Grey.[28] Greenberg theorized that Finney may have been a ghostwriter on Nakamoto's behalf, or that he simply used his neighbor's identity as a "drop" or "patsy whose personal information is used to hide online exploits"; but after meeting Finney, seeing the emails between him and Nakamoto and his Bitcoin wallet's history (including the very first transaction from Nakamoto to him, which he forgot to pay back) and hearing his denial, Greenberg concluded that Finney was telling the truth. Juola & Associates also found that Nakamoto's emails to Finney more closely resemble Nakamoto's other writings than Finney's do. Finney's fellow extropian and sometime co-blogger Robin Hanson assigned a subjective probability of "at least" 15% that "Hal was more involved than he's said" before further evidence suggested that was not the case.[29]

Dorian Nakamoto

In a high-profile 6 March 2014 article in Newsweek,[30] journalist Leah McGrath Goodman identified Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto, a Japanese American man living in California, whose birth name is Satoshi Nakamoto,[30][31][32] as the Nakamoto in question. Besides his name, Goodman pointed to a number of facts that circumstantially suggested he was the Bitcoin inventor.[30] Trained as a physicist at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Nakamoto worked as a systems engineer on classified defense projects and computer engineer for technology and financial information services companies. According to his daughter, Nakamoto was laid off twice in the early 1990s, turned libertarian, and encouraged her to start her own business "not under the government's thumb". The article's seemingly biggest piece of evidence was that when Goodman asked him about Bitcoin during a brief in-person interview, Nakamoto seemed to confirm his identity as its founder, saying: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection."[30][33]

The article's publication led to a flurry of media interest, including reporters camping out near Nakamoto's house and chasing him by car when he drove to an interview.[34] Later that day, the pseudonymous Nakamoto's P2P Foundation account posted its first message in five years: "I am not Dorian Nakamoto."[35][36] During the subsequent full-length interview, Nakamoto denied all connection to Bitcoin, saying he had never heard of it before and that he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as being about his previous work for military contractors, much of which was classified.[37] In a Reddit "ask-me-anything" interview, he said he had misinterpreted Goodman's question as related to his work for Citibank.[38] In September, the P2P Foundation account posted another message saying it had been hacked, raising questions over the authenticity of the message six months earlier.[39][40]

Nick Szabo

In December 2013, blogger Skye Grey linked Nick Szabo to the Bitcoin white paper using an approach he called stylometric analysis.[41][42][43] Szabo is a decentralized currency enthusiast and published a paper on "bit gold", one of Bitcoin's precursors. He is known to have been interested in using pseudonyms in the 1990s.[44] In a May 2011 article, Szabo said of Bitcoin's creator: "Myself, Wei Dai, and Hal Finney were the only people I know of who liked the idea (or in Dai's case his related idea) enough to pursue it to any significant extent until Nakamoto (assuming Nakamoto is not really Finney or Dai)."[45]

Financial author Dominic Frisby provides much circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof that Nakamoto is Szabo.[46] Szabo has denied being Nakamoto. In a July 2014 email to Frisby, he wrote: "Thanks for letting me know. I'm afraid you got it wrong doxing me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it."[47] Nathaniel Popper wrote in The New York Times that "the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo."[48]

Craig Wright

On 8 December 2015, Wired wrote that Craig Steven Wright, an Australian academic, "either invented bitcoin or is a brilliant hoaxer who very badly wants us to believe he did".[49] Wright took down his Twitter account and neither he nor his ex-wife responded to press inquiries. The same day, Gizmodo published a story with evidence supposedly obtained by a hacker who broke into Wright's email accounts, claiming that Satoshi Nakamoto was a joint pseudonym for Wright and computer forensics analyst David Kleiman, who died in 2013.[50] Wright's claim was supported by Andresen and former Bitcoin Foundation director Jon Matonis.[51]

Wright has said that he chose the name "Nakamoto" in honor of Japanese philosopher Tominaga Nakamoto, whom Wright learned about from his Japanese martial arts instructor, and "Satoshi" after the Pokémon character Satoshi, because his name was anglicized as "Ash", and thus "Satoshi" represents the current financial system that must be burned into ash to make way for cryptocurrency.[51]

Many prominent Bitcoin promoters remained unconvinced by the reports.[52] Subsequent reports also raised the possibility that the evidence provided was an elaborate hoax,[53][54] which Wired acknowledged "cast doubt" on its suggestion that Wright was Nakamoto.[55] Bitcoin developer Peter Todd said that Wright's blog post, which appeared to contain cryptographic proof, actually contained nothing of the sort.[56] Bitcoin developer Jeff Garzik agreed that the evidence Wright publicly provided proves nothing, and security researcher Dan Kaminsky concluded Wright's claim was "intentional scammery".[57]

In May 2019, Wright started using English libel law to sue people who denied he was Bitcoin's inventor and called him a fraud.[58] In 2019, Wright registered US copyright for the Bitcoin white paper and the code for Bitcoin 0.1.[59] Wright's team claimed this was "government agency recognition of Craig Wright as Satoshi Nakamoto";[60] the United States Copyright Office issued a press release clarifying that this was not the case (as they primarily determine whether a work is eligible for copyright, and do not investigate legal ownership, which, if disputed, is determined by the courts).[61]

In March 2024, a British judge ruled that Wright was not Satoshi Nakamoto.[62]

Other candidates

Len Sassaman memorial on Bitcoin blockchain

In a 2011 article in The New Yorker, Joshua Davis claimed to have narrowed down Nakamoto's identity to a few people, including the Finnish economic sociologist Vili Lehdonvirta and Irish student Michael Clear, who was in 2008 an undergraduate student in cryptography at Trinity College Dublin.[63] Each of them strongly denied he was Nakamoto.[64][65][63]

In October 2011, writing for Fast Company, investigative journalist Adam Penenberg cited circumstantial evidence suggesting Neal King, Vladimir Oksman and Charles Bry could be Nakamoto.[66] They jointly filed a patent application that contained the phrase "computationally impractical to reverse" in 2008, which was also used in the Bitcoin white paper by Nakamoto.[67] The domain name bitcoin.org was registered three days after the patent was filed. All three men denied being Nakamoto when contacted by Penenberg.[66]

In May 2013, Ted Nelson speculated that Nakamoto was Japanese mathematician Shinichi Mochizuki.[68] Later, an article was published in The Age newspaper that claimed that Mochizuki denied these speculations, but without attributing a source for the denial.[69]

A 2013 article in Vice listed Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, or a government agency as possible candidates to be Nakamoto.[70]

In 2013, two Israeli mathematicians, Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir, published a paper claiming a link between Nakamoto and Ross Ulbricht. The two based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of Bitcoin transactions,[71] but later retracted their claim.[72]

In 2016, the Financial Times said that Nakamoto might have been a group of people, mentioning Hal Finney, Nick Szabo and Adam Back as potential members.[73] In 2020, the YouTube channel Barely Sociable claimed that Adam Back, inventor of Bitcoin predecessor Hashcash, is Nakamoto.[74] Back subsequently denied this.[75] Charles Hoskinson, founder of Cardano and co-founder of Ethereum, has also opined that Adam Back is the most likely candidate for Nakamoto.[76][77]

Elon Musk denied he was Nakamoto in a tweet on 28 November 2017, responding to speculation the previous week in a Medium post by a former SpaceX intern.[78]

In 2019, journalist Evan Ratliff claimed drug dealer Paul Le Roux could be Nakamoto.[79]

In 2021, developer Evan Hatch proposed cypherpunk Len Sassaman of COSIC as a possible candidate.[80] Sassaman had been mentioned on bitcointalk on 15 March 2013 when a user suggested Sassaman was Satoshi.[81]

In popular culture

A bust of Satoshi Nakamoto was installed in Hungary in 2021.[82]

References

  1. ^ "The misidentification of Satoshi Nakamoto". theweek.com. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  2. ^ Kharif, Olga (23 April 2019). "John McAfee Vows to Unmask Crypto's Satoshi Nakamoto, Then Backs Off". Bloomberg.
  3. ^ "Who Is Satoshi Nakamoto, Inventor of Bitcoin? It Doesn't Matter". Fortune. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  4. ^ Bearman, Sophie (27 October 2017). "Bitcoin's creator may be worth $6 billion — but people still don't know who it is". CNBC. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  5. ^ S., L. (2 November 2015). "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?". The Economist explains. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  6. ^ Economist Staff (31 October 2015). "Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things". The Economist. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Wallace, Benjamin (23 November 2011). "The Rise and Fall of Bitcoin". Wired. Vol. 19, no. 12. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023. It seemed doubtful that Nakamoto was even Japanese. His English had the flawless, idiomatic ring of a native speaker.
  8. ^ a b "Satoshi Nakamoto's Page". P2P Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. ^ Satoshi Nakamoto (17 November 2008). "Re: Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper 2008-11-17 16:33:04 UTC". Satoshi Nakamoto Institute. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  10. ^ "Whois bitcoin.org". www.whois.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  11. ^ a b Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  12. ^ Nakamoto, Satoshi (31 October 2008). "Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper". Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  13. ^ "Satoshi's posts to Cryptography mailing list". Mail-archive.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  14. ^ Davis, Joshua. "The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013.
  15. ^ Penenberg, Adam. "The Bitcoin Crypto-Currency Mystery Reopened". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. A New Yorker writer implies he found Bitcoin's mysterious creator. We think he got the wrong man, and offer far more compelling evidence that points to someone else entirely.
  16. ^ "Block 0 – Bitcoin Block Explorer". Archived from the original on 15 October 2013.
  17. ^ a b c Davis, Joshua (10 October 2011). "The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  18. ^ Elliott, Francis; Duncan, Gary (3 January 2009). "Chancellor Alistair Darling on brink of second bailout for banks". The Times. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  19. ^ Pagliery, Jose (2014). Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. ISBN 9781629370361. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  20. ^ Bosker, Bianca (16 April 2013). "Gavin Andresen, Bitcoin Architect: Meet The Man Bringing You Bitcoin (And Getting Paid In It)". HuffPostTech. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016.
  21. ^ "Bitcoin creator is now the 15th richest person in the world". The Independent. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  22. ^ Naughton, John (7 April 2013). "Why Bitcoin scares banks and governments". The Observer. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  23. ^ a b Jeffries, Adrianne (4 October 2011). "The New Yorker's Joshua Davis Attempts to Identify Bitcoin Creator Satoshi Nakamoto". Betabeat. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  24. ^ Simonite, Tom (15 August 2014). "The Man Who Really Built Bitcoin". MIT Technology Review. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  25. ^ Pagliery, Jose (2014). Bitcoin: And the Future of Money. Triumph Books. ISBN 9781629370361. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  26. ^ Feins, William (16 August 2017). "Satoshi Nakamoto". www.eurocheddar.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  27. ^ "Hal Finney received the first Bitcoin transaction. Here's how he describes it". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  28. ^ a b Andy Greenberg (25 March 2014). "Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  29. ^ "Conspiracy Theory, Up Close & Personal". 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  30. ^ a b c d Leah McGrath Goodman (6 March 2014). "The Face Behind Bitcoin". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  31. ^ Andy Greenberg. "Bitcoin Community Responds To Satoshi Nakamoto's Outing With Disbelief, Anger, Fascination". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  32. ^ Oremus, Will (26 November 2013). "The real Satoshi Nakamoto: Newsweek finds mysterious bitcoin creator in Los Angeles". Slate.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  33. ^ Winton, Richard (7 March 2014). "Deputies: Newsweek Bitcoin story quoted Satoshi Nakamoto accurately". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  34. ^ Rodriguez, Salvador (6 March 2014). "Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto chased by reporters, denies founding Bitcoin". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  35. ^ "Bitcoin open source implementation of P2P currency". 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  36. ^ "'Real' bitcoin creator: 'I am not Dorian Nakamoto'". CNBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015.
  37. ^ Hedman Rahm, Victor. "The Unbelievable story of Bitcoin". Coinworld. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  38. ^ "Hi r/bitcoin I am Dorian Nakamoto. AMA". Reddit. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Satoshi Nakamoto's Discussions". 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  40. ^ "The Satoshi Nakamoto Email Hacker Says He's Negotiating with the Bitcoin Founder". VICE. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017.
  41. ^ John Biggs. "Who is the real Satoshi Nakamoto? One researcher may have found the answer". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  42. ^ Grey, Skye (1 December 2013). "Satoshi Nakamoto is (probably) Nick Szabo". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  43. ^ Grey, Skye (11 March 2014). "Occam's Razor: who is most likely to be Satoshi Nakamoto?". Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  44. ^ "Re: on anonymity, identity, reputation, and spoofing". 18 October 1993. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  45. ^ Nick Szabo (28 May 2011). "Bitcoin, what took ye so long?". Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  46. ^ Frisby, Dominic (2014) "Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?" In Bitcoin: the Future of Money?, pp. 85–149. Unbound. ISBN 1783520779
  47. ^ Frisby p 147
  48. ^ Popper, Nathaniel (15 May 2015). "Decoding the Enigma". The New York Times. the most convincing evidence pointed to a reclusive American man of Hungarian descent named Nick Szabo.
  49. ^ Greenberg, Andy; Branwen, Gwern (8 December 2015). "Bitcoin's Creator Satoshi Nakamoto Is Probably This Unknown Australian Genius". Wired. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  50. ^ Biddle, Sam; Cush, Andy (8 December 2015). "This Australian Says He and His Dead Friend Invented Bitcoin". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  51. ^ a b Nakamoto, Andrew O'Hagan on the many lives of Satoshi (30 June 2016). "The Satoshi Affair". London Review of Books. pp. 7–28. ISSN 0260-9592. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  52. ^ Kaminska, Izabella (9 December 2015). "So, Satoshi is an Aussie?". FT Alphaville. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  53. ^ Jeong, Sarah (9 December 2015). "Satoshi's PGP Keys Are Probably Backdated and Point to a Hoax". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  54. ^ Ryall, Jenni (10 December 2015). "New chase for Bitcoin founder leaves everyone exhausted and no wiser". Mashable. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
  55. ^ Greenberg A (11 December 2015). "New Clues Suggest Craig Wright, Suspected Bitcoin Creator, May Be a Hoaxer". Wired. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  56. ^ Thomas Fox-Brewster (2 May 2016). "Craig Wright Claims He's Bitcoin Creator Satoshi – Experts Fear An Epic Scam". Forbes. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017.
  57. ^ "Craig Wright's New Evidence That He Is Satoshi Nakamoto Is Worthless". Motherboard. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
  58. ^ Media Correspondent, Matthew Moore (7 May 2019). "Bitcoin 'creator' uses UK libel law to silence critics" – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  59. ^ Kharif, Olga; Yasiejko, Christopher (21 May 2019). "Man Who Claims To Be Bitcoin's Inventor Registers Copyright for Its Code". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  60. ^ Kelly, Jemima (22 May 2019). "Craig Wright has in no way been officially "recognised" as Satoshi Nakamoto". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  61. ^ "Copyright.gov: May 22, 2019: Questions about Certain Bitcoin Registrations". 22 May 2019. The examination process is primarily focused on determining whether a deposited work is eligible for protection under the Copyright Act... the Copyright Office does not investigate whether there is a provable connection between the claimant and the pseudonymous author.
  62. ^ Tidy, Joe (14 March 2024). "Judge rules computer scientist not Bitcoin inventor". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  63. ^ a b Davis, Joshua (10 October 2011). "The Crypto-Currency". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  64. ^ Clear, Michael (4 April 2013). "Clarifications on Bitcoin Article". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  65. ^ "Let's be Clear: I didn't invent Bitcoin". The Irish Times.
  66. ^ a b Penenberg, Adam (11 October 2011). "The Bitcoin Crypto-currency Mystery Reopened". The Fast Company. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  67. ^ Updating and Distributing Encryption Keys US 20100042841 A1
  68. ^ "I Think I Know Who Satoshi Is". YouTube TheTedNelson Channel. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014.
  69. ^ Ormsby, Eileen (10 July 2013). "The outlaw cult". Theage.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  70. ^ Liu, Alec (22 May 2013). "Who Is Satoshi Nakamoto, the Creator of Bitcoin?". vice.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  71. ^ Markoff, John (23 November 2013). "Study Suggests Link Between Dread Pirate Roberts and Satoshi Nakamoto". New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013.
  72. ^ Wile, Rob. "Researchers Retract Claim of Link Between Alleged Silk Road Mastermind And Founder of Bitcoin". Business Week. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  73. ^ Kaminska, Izabella (7 May 2016). "Bitcoin: Identity crisis". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  74. ^ Barely Sociable. "Bitcoin – Unmasking Satoshi Nakamoto". YouTube, 11 May 2020.
  75. ^ Kharif, Olga (2 June 2020). "Latest Satoshi Nakamoto Candidate Buying Bitcoin No Matter What". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  76. ^ Charles Hoskinson. "Surprise AMA 01/22-23/2021" on YouTube, 23 January 2021
  77. ^ Charles Hoskinson. "Adam Back is Satoshi Nakamoto | Charles Hoskinson and Lex Fridman" on YouTube, 20 June 2021
  78. ^
  79. ^ Ratliff, Evan. "Was Bitcoin Created by This International Drug Dealer? Maybe!". WIRED.
  80. ^ "Is crypto expert Len Sassaman the creator of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto?". CNBCTV18.
  81. ^ Collier, Kevin (7 March 2014). "A history of people misidentifying Satoshi Nakamoto". DailyDot. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  82. ^ "Statue Honoring Mysterious Bitcoin Founder Unveiled in Hungary". Bloomberg News. Associated Press. 17 September 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2022.